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Updated: Jul 23, 2026

Spheroid Assay to Measure TGF-β-induced Invasion
Published on: November 16, 2011
[Distribution of transforming growth factor-beta and its receptor in bronchiolo-alveolar cell hyperplasia and
Abstract:
The distribution of the three isoforms of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta (TGF-beta 1, -beta 2, and -beta 3) as well as their signaling receptor, TGF-beta type I receptor (T beta R-I), in bronchiolo-alveolar cell hyperplasia (BAH) and bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma (BAC) was examined by immunohistochemistry using specific antibodies. The results showed that the expression of one or more TGF-beta subtypes occurred in a large proportion of BAC and BAH tissues. The expression of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 3 was increased in tumor cells compared with hyperplastic cells. BAC with expression of two or three ligands was associated with a higher incidence of lymph node metastasis. These results suggest that hyperplastic cells and cancer cells derived from bronchiolo-alveolar cell can synthesize and secrete TGF-beta isoforms and its receptor T beta R-I which may contribute to the progression of BAC in part.
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