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Related Concept Videos

Inclusive Fitness00:57

Inclusive Fitness

Most altruistic behavior—in which one animal helps another at a cost to themselves—occurs between relatives. Scientists think these altruistic behaviors evolved because they increase the inclusive fitness of the animal providing help.
Hardy-Weinberg Principle01:49

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the gene pool of the population. The gene pool of a population is the sum of every allele of all genes within that population and has some degree of variation. Genetic variation is typically expressed as a relative frequency, which is the percentage of the total population that has a given allele, genotype or phenotype.In the early 20th century,...
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While Mendel’s Law of Segregation states that the two alleles for one gene are separated into different gametes, a different question of how different genes are inherited remains. For example, is the gene for tall plants inherited with the gene for green peas? Mendel asked this question by experimenting with a dihybrid cross; a cross in which both parents are homozygous for two distinct traits resulting in an F1 generation that are heterozygous for both traits.
Competition02:34

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. Even if two competing individuals or populations do not interact directly, the overall fitness of both competitors is lowered as a result of not having full access to the limited resource.Intraspecific competition, which occurs between individuals of the same species, serves as a natural mechanism for regulating population size. Too much...
Trihybrid Crosses02:27

Trihybrid Crosses

Trihybrid Crosses
Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
The F1 generation plants of a trihybrid cross are heterozygous for all three traits and produce eight gametes. Upon self-fertilization, these gametes have an equal chance to...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Investigation of Genetic Dependencies Using CRISPR-Cas9-based Competition Assays
11:05

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Published on: January 7, 2019

Testing Hamilton's rule with competition between relatives.

S A West1, M G Murray, C A Machado

  • 1Institute of Cell, Animal & Population Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK. stu.west@ed.ac.uk

Nature
|February 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Kin selection theory predicts less aggression toward kin. However, this study found male fig wasp aggression is not linked to relatedness but negatively correlates with future mating opportunities.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Behavioral Ecology

Background:

  • Hamilton's kin selection theory posits reduced aggression towards relatives.
  • Recent theories suggest kin competition can override kin selection for altruism.
  • Limited dispersal confounds relatedness and competition in many natural systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test Hamilton's kin selection theory in fig wasps.
  • To investigate the interplay of relatedness and competition on aggression.
  • To separate the effects of relatedness and kin competition on male aggression.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis across different fig wasp taxa.
  • Observation of aggression levels among non-dispersing males.
  • Estimation of average relatedness between interacting males.
  • Correlation analysis between relatedness, competition, and aggression.

Main Results:

  • Male fig wasp aggression showed no correlation with the relatedness of interacting males.
  • Aggression levels were negatively correlated with future mating opportunities.
  • Findings contradict Hamilton's original kin selection prediction.

Conclusions:

  • Kin competition does not necessarily reduce aggression towards kin in fig wasps.
  • Future mating prospects, rather than relatedness, appear to be a primary driver of male aggression.
  • This study provides empirical support for recent theoretical advancements in kin selection theory.