The ACE gene polymorphism and cough threshold for capsaicin after cilazapril usage

Persistent dry cough is an occasional but clinically important adverse reaction to angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (ACEI). Its reported incidence is variable, and why cough occurs in only certain individuals has been unclear. An insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the ACE gene is associated with serum ACE activity. We have previously shown that susceptibility to cough induced by ACEI is associated with this polymorphism such that patients with genotype II are more susceptible to cough than patients with other genotypes. In order to confirm and extend our previous observation, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, cross-over study in 10 healthy volunteers with genotype II and 10 with genotype DD. The cough threshold was determined by the concentration of inhaled capsaicin causing two or more coughs. After the usage of an ACEI, cilazapril, for 4 weeks, changes in the cough threshold in subjects with genotype II [before: 6.6+/-3.7 nM (mean+/-SD); after: 5.0+/-4.6 nM] significantly differed from those in subjects with genotype DD (before: 9.0+/-9.4 nM; after: 9.3+/-9.1 nM). Skin responses to intradermal bradykinin, which is a substrate of ACE and tussigenic, were significantly increased in subjects with genotype II (before: 1.6+/-0.6 vs. after: 2.6+/-0.5 cm2, P<0.05) but not in subjects with genotype DD (before: 1.4+/-0.5 vs. after: 1.6+/-0.6 cm2, n.s.) after usage of cilazapril. By contrast, skin responses to intradermal substance P did not change in subjects with either genotype. These findings provide further evidence of a link between ACEI-induced cough and I/D polymorphism of the ACE gene and suggest that ACEIs induce cough by modulating the tissue level of bradykinin.