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West Nile encephalitis.

E N Ostlund1, J E Andresen, M Andresen

  • 1Equine and Ovine Viruses Section, Diagnostic Virology Laboratory, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture , Ames, Iowa, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|February 24, 2001
PubMed
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West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, a neurological disease in horses, emerged in the Western Hemisphere in 1999. This flavivirus, transmitted by mosquitoes, causes ataxia and can be fatal, necessitating mosquito control for prevention.

Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Neurology
  • Arbovirology
  • Equine Infectious Diseases

Background:

  • West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, previously endemic in Africa, Asia, and Europe, marked its first occurrence in the Western Hemisphere in 1999.
  • WNV is a flavivirus transmitted through a bird-mosquito cycle, posing a significant threat to equine health.
  • The disease presents as ataxia in horses, with potential case fatality rates exceeding 40%, though some infections remain asymptomatic.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To document the emergence and characteristics of West Nile virus encephalitis in horses in the Western Hemisphere.
  • To highlight the clinical manifestations and epidemiological significance of WNV in equine populations.
  • To underscore the ongoing threat of WNV to horses and the need for disease management strategies.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Review of epidemiological data and clinical case reports of WNV encephalitis in horses.
  • Analysis of the WNV transmission cycle involving birds and mosquitoes.
  • Assessment of disease severity, case fatality rates, and overwintering potential in affected regions.

Main Results:

  • WNV encephalitis was confirmed in the Western Hemisphere starting in 1999, with horses exhibiting variable ataxia.
  • Evidence suggests WNV overwintering in the northeastern United States, indicating a persistent risk.
  • Inapparent WNV infections occur in some horses, complicating disease surveillance and control efforts.

Conclusions:

  • WNV encephalitis represents a novel and significant threat to equine populations in the Western Hemisphere.
  • Effective disease control relies on integrated mosquito abatement programs due to the lack of a WNV vaccine for horses.
  • Continued surveillance and research are crucial for managing WNV and mitigating its impact on horse health.