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Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
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Viral Hepatitis.

Joy Tomlinson1

  • 1Department of Clinical Studies, New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA, USA.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Equine Practice
|June 3, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two equine hepatitis viruses, equine parvovirus-hepatitis and equine hepacivirus, cause liver disease in horses. Diagnosis involves PCR testing, and treatment focuses on supportive care for liver failure.

Keywords:
FibrosisHepacivirusNecrosisParvovirusSerum hepatitisTheiler’s diseaseViral hepatitis

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Equine Infectious Diseases
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Two novel viral causes of equine hepatitis have emerged since 2012.
  • Equine parvovirus-hepatitis is linked to acute hepatic necrosis (Theiler's disease).
  • Equine hepacivirus is associated with chronic fibrosing hepatitis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current knowledge on equine hepatitis viruses.
  • To highlight diagnostic and treatment challenges.
  • To underscore the need for further research into transmission and risk factors.

Main Methods:

  • Diagnosis involves excluding other hepatitis causes.
  • Infection confirmation via serum or liver polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Main Results:

  • Equine parvovirus-hepatitis causes acute liver damage.
  • Equine hepacivirus leads to chronic liver fibrosis.
  • No specific antiviral treatments are currently available.

Conclusions:

  • Effective diagnosis relies on PCR and differential diagnosis.
  • Treatment is primarily supportive, managing liver failure and encephalopathy.
  • Further research is crucial for understanding transmission and risk factors.