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Related Concept Videos

Electrodes: Overview01:17

Electrodes: Overview

Electrochemical measurements are conducted in an electrochemical cell composed of various components that control and measure the current and potential. One fundamental component is electrodes, conductive materials that enable electron transfer reactions at their surfaces.
There are two main types of electrodes in electrochemical cells. The first type, known as the working or indicator electrode, has a potential that is sensitive to the analyte's concentration and reacts to changes in the...
Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...
Electrodeposition01:08

Electrodeposition

Electrodeposition is a technique used to separate an analyte from interferents by electrochemical processes. Here, the analyte is a metal ion that can be deposited on an electrode immersed in the sample solution. The electrochemical setup consists of an anode and a cathode. When an electric current is applied to the setup, oxidation occurs at the anode. At the cathode, which consists of a large metal surface, metal ions undergo reduction and deposit onto the surface.
Electrodeposition can...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...
Types of Reversible Electrodes01:24

Types of Reversible Electrodes

For electrode reversibility to be maintained, all the reactants and products involved in the half-reaction must be present at the electrode. There are several types of reversible electrodes (half-cells).In metal-metal-ion electrodes, a metal balances electrochemically with a solution of its own ions. Examples are Cu2+|Cu and Zn2+|Zn. Metals that react with the solvent, like group 1 and most group 2 metals, which react with water, and zinc, which reacts with aqueous acidic solutions, cannot be...

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Multi-analyte Biochip (MAB) Based on All-solid-state Ion-selective Electrodes (ASSISE) for Physiological Research
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A polystyrene based membrane electrode for cadmium(II) ions.

A Panwar1, S Baniwal, C L Sharma

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Roorkee, India.

Fresenius' Journal of Analytical Chemistry
|March 3, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A novel polystyrene-based membrane sensor exhibits a Nernstian response to cadmium (Cd(II)) ions. This selective and stable electrode is effective for detecting cadmium in various applications and real samples.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Development of selective and sensitive ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) is crucial for accurate chemical analysis.
  • Cadmium (Cd(II)) is a toxic heavy metal requiring reliable detection methods in environmental and biological samples.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize a new polystyrene-based membrane sensor for the potentiometric determination of cadmium ions.
  • To evaluate the sensor's performance, including its Nernstian response, selectivity, stability, and response time.
  • To assess the practical applicability of the sensor in complex matrices and titrations.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a membrane sensor using 3,4:12,13-dibenzo-2,5,11,14-tetraoxo-1,6,10,15-tetraazacyclooctadecane within a polystyrene matrix.
  • Potentiometric measurements to determine the Nernstian response, working pH range, and concentration range for Cd(II) ions.
  • Evaluation of electrode stability, response time, reproducibility, and lifetime.
  • Testing the sensor's performance in partially non-aqueous media and its selectivity against interfering ions.
  • Application of the sensor as an indicator in complexometric titrations and analysis of real samples.

Main Results:

  • The sensor demonstrated a Nernstian response to Cd(II) ions over a wide concentration range (3.16 x 10(-6) - 1.00 x 10(-1) mol L(-1)) with a slope of 29.8 mV/decade.
  • The electrode exhibited excellent chemical inertness, stability, and a fast response time of 20 seconds, with a lifetime of 130 days.
  • High selectivity for Cd(II) ions over other cations was confirmed by potentiometric selectivity coefficient values.
  • The sensor functioned effectively in partially non-aqueous media (up to 35% methanol/ethanol) and was unaffected by surfactants.
  • The sensor was successfully employed as an end-point indicator in Cd(II)-EDTA titrations and for estimating cadmium in real samples.

Conclusions:

  • The developed polystyrene-based membrane sensor offers a selective, stable, and reproducible method for the potentiometric determination of Cd(II) ions.
  • Its wide working range, fast response, and applicability in real samples highlight its potential for environmental monitoring and chemical analysis.
  • The sensor's robustness in non-aqueous media and tolerance to surfactants further enhance its practical utility.