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Related Concept Videos

The Cardiac Cycle01:13

The Cardiac Cycle

The heart beats rhythmically in a sequence called the cardiac cycle—a rapid coordination of contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole).
The Process
Electrical signals—sent from the sinoatrial (SA) node in the right atrial wall to the atrioventricular (AV) node between the right atrium and right ventricle—cause both atria to simultaneously contract. When the signal reaches the AV node, it pauses for approximately a tenth of a second, allowing the atria to contract and empty blood into the...
Pulse01:05

Pulse

The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
Pulse Rate and its Significance
Pulse rate, often measured in beats per minute (bpm), reflects the heart rate (HR), which is influenced by numerous factors such as stress, physical activity, and hormonal changes. A normal resting adult pulse rate falls between...
Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm01:19

Electrophysiology of Normal Cardiac Rhythm

The normal cardiac rhythm is a synchronized electrical activity that facilitates the regular and coordinated contraction of the heart muscle. This process is essential for efficient blood circulation throughout the body. The fundamental elements involved in establishing and maintaining this rhythm include the unique electrical properties of cardiac muscle cells, the sinoatrial (SA) node's pacemaker function, the specialized conducting system, and the ionic mechanisms underlying each phase of...
Electrocardiogram01:29

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a critical diagnostic tool that records the electrical signals produced by the heart during each heartbeat. This recording is achieved through electrodes placed strategically on the arms, legs, and chest. The electrocardiograph amplifies these signals and produces 12 distinct tracings, offering a comprehensive understanding of the heart's electrical activity.
Three major waveforms are present in a typical ECG recording: the P wave, the QRS complex, and the T...
Pulse01:16

Pulse

When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
The pulse serves as a clinical indicator...
Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray01:20

Imaging Studies for Cardiovascular System III: X-Ray

The most common cardiovascular diagnostic test is an X-ray. It produces images of the heart, blood vessels, and adjacent structures.
Definition and Purpose
An X-ray, or radiograph, is a non-invasive method that uses ionizing radiation to take images of internal structures. It is mainly used in cardiac imaging to examine the heart, lungs, and major blood vessels, aiming to identify abnormalities in the heart's size, shape, and position, such as heart failure, congenital defects, and vascular...

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Related Experiment Video

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Remote Magnetic Navigation for Accurate, Real-time Catheter Positioning and Ablation in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures
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Remote Magnetic Navigation for Accurate, Real-time Catheter Positioning and Ablation in Cardiac Electrophysiology Procedures

Published on: April 21, 2013

X-ray pulses approaching the attosecond frontier.

M Drescher1, M Hentschel, R Kienberger

  • 1Institut für Photonik, Technische Universität Wien, Gusshausstr. 27, A-1040 Wien, Austria.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|March 10, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Researchers generated single soft-x-ray pulses using high-order harmonic generation. These ultrashort pulses, lasting less than a laser cycle, enable sub-femtosecond resolution for studying atomic dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Attosecond science
  • X-ray physics

Background:

  • High-order harmonic generation (HHG) is a key process for producing ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray pulses.
  • Characterizing ultrashort X-ray pulses requires techniques with sub-femtosecond resolution to observe phenomena on their natural timescales.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate and characterize isolated soft X-ray pulses with durations shorter than the driving laser's optical cycle.
  • To develop techniques for sub-femtosecond resolution measurements of X-ray pulses.

Main Methods:

  • Soft X-ray pulses (90 eV) were generated via HHG using 7-femtosecond (fs) laser pulses (770 nm).
  • Photoelectron spectroscopy of krypton was performed in the presence of the driver laser.
  • Photoelectrons were detected perpendicular to the laser polarization to suppress spectral broadening.
  • Cross-correlation measurements were used to determine the X-ray pulse duration.

Main Results:

  • Isolated soft X-ray pulses with durations of 1.8 fs were measured.
  • The measured X-ray pulse duration is shorter than the driving laser's oscillation cycle (2.6 fs).
  • Sub-laser-cycle resolution was achieved in the cross-correlation measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The developed techniques enable the generation and characterization of sub-femtosecond X-ray pulses.
  • This advancement paves the way for experimental attosecond science.
  • The study opens possibilities for observing atomic and molecular processes on attosecond timescales.