Immunoglobulin lambda isotype gene rearrangements in B cell malignancies

The human immunoglobulin lambda (IGL) locus contains seven J-Clambda gene regions of which only J-Clambda1, J-Clambda2 J-CA3 and J-Clambda7 encode the four Iglambda isotypes, ie Mcg, Ke-Oz-, Ke-Oz+, and Mcp, respectively. We used isotype-specific DNA probes for detection of IGL gene rearrangements in 212 B cell malignancies: 76 precursor B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias (precursor B-ALL), 74 Iglambda+ chronic B cell leukemias (CBL), 34 Iglambda+ non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHL), and 28 Iglambda+ multiple myelomas (MM). The J-Clambda3 gene region was most frequently involved (50%), followed by J-Clambda2 (38%) and J-Clambda1 (9%). There was no involvement of the J-Clambda4 and J-Clambda5 gene regions. Rearrangements to J-Clambda6 (n= 4) were exclusively found in precursor B-ALL (19% of all IGL rearrangements in precursor B-ALL) and only a single J-Clambda7 recombination was detected in an Iglambda+ B-NHL. In the group of Iglambda+ malignancies, a significant shift was observed from predominant J-Clambda3 usage (54%) in mature surface Iglambda+ malignancies (CBL and B-NHL) to 60% J-Clambda2 usage in Iglambda+ secreting MM. The distribution of IGL isotype rearrangements found in MM resembled the Iglambda isotype protein expression reported in MM patients. Based on these extensive Southern blot data, we suggest that a rapid and efficient detection of clonal IGL gene rearrangements can be obtained when a single Bg/II digest is used in combination with the IGLJ2 probe, which detects clonality in >95% of cases with an Iglambda+ malignancy. Higher percentages (>98%) can be reached by including a second digest (HindIII) that reduces the chance of comigration of rearranged and germline bands. In case of precursor B-ALL we recommend including the IGLJ6 probe for the detection of rearrangements to J-Clambda6.