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Related Concept Videos

Mechanical Protein Functions01:58

Mechanical Protein Functions

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
Synthetic Biology02:55

Synthetic Biology

Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary science that involves using principles from disciplines such as engineering, molecular biology, cell biology, and systems biology. It involves remodeling existing organisms from nature or constructing completely new synthetic organisms for applications such as protein or enzyme production, bioremediation, value-added macromolecule production, and the addition of desirable traits to crops, to name a few.
Golden rice
Golden rice is a genetically modified...
ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis01:28

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Most macromolecules are composed of single subunits, or building blocks, called monomers. The monomers combine with each other using covalent bonds to form larger molecules known as polymers.
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Bioreactor Controls-III01:22

Bioreactor Controls-III

Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
Microbial Biosensors01:17

Microbial Biosensors

Microbial biosensors are analytical devices that utilize living microbes to detect specific substances through measurable signals. These devices consist of two main components: biosensing organisms and signal-transducing elements. Biosensing organisms, such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, are typically housed in multiwell plates connected to transducers, enabling rapid, real-time detection of target analytes.Signal Generation MechanismWhen a target analyte—such as...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 19, 2026

In vitro Assembly of Semi-artificial Molecular Machine and its Use for Detection of DNA Damage
08:56

In vitro Assembly of Semi-artificial Molecular Machine and its Use for Detection of DNA Damage

Published on: January 11, 2012

Biological machines: from mills to molecules.

M Piccolino1

  • 1Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Ferrara, Via Borsari 46, 44100 Ferrara, Italy. marco.piccolino@unife.it

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|March 20, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Scientific progress is not always linear; discoveries can be lost and rediscovered. The concept of molecular machines reappears throughout history, from the 17th century to modern cell biology.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • History of Science

Background:

  • Scientific progress is often depicted as a linear advancement.
  • However, scientific understanding can exhibit cyclical patterns, with ideas being lost and revived over time.

Discussion:

  • The concept of 'molecular machines' exemplifies this cyclical nature.
  • This idea has a history stretching back to 17th-century research and is central to contemporary cell biology.

Key Insights:

  • Certain scientific themes possess a cyclical character, reappearing across centuries.
  • The historical trajectory of 'molecular machines' illustrates the rediscovery and evolution of scientific concepts.

Outlook:

  • Understanding the cyclical nature of science can provide new perspectives on discovery.

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Last Updated: Jun 19, 2026

In vitro Assembly of Semi-artificial Molecular Machine and its Use for Detection of DNA Damage
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  • Further exploration of recurring themes may illuminate fundamental principles in various scientific fields.