Regulation of ionic homeostasis by mammalian embryos

Control and regulation of cellular homeostasis are essential for normal embryo development and maintenance of viability. By understanding the role of ionic homeostasis in normal cell development and homeostatic control by the developing embryo, it is possible to develop culture systems that minimize cellular stress and therefore maintain embryo viability. This article discusses the regulation of intracellular levels of protons (pHi), calcium, magnesium, and phosphate in mammalian embryos.