Chemical modification patterns of active and inactive as well as procapsid-bound and unbound DNA-packaging RNAof...

During replication, the lengthy genome of dsDNA viruses is translocated with remarkable velocity into the limited space within the preformed procapsid. We previously found that a viral-encoded RNA (pRNA) played a key role in bacterial virus phi29 DNA translocation. Design of mutant pRNA sets containing two and three inactive mutant pRNAs, respectively, led to the conclusion that the stoichiometry of pRNA in DNA packaging is the common multiple of 2 and 3. Together with studies using binomial distribution of mutant and wild-type pRNA, it has been confirmed that six pRNAs of phi29 form a hexagonal complex to drive the DNA translocating machine. These findings have brought about commonality between viral DNA packaging and other universal DNA/RNA-riding processes including DNA replication and RNA transcription. Chemical modification was used to compare the structures of active and inactive as well as free and procapsid-bound pRNA. Our results explain why certain pRNA mutants are inactive in DNA packaging while remaining competent in procapsid binding, since the mutations were located in a domain involved in DNA translocation that is dispensable for procapsid binding. A mutant pRNA that had reduced procapsid binding was revealed to have a structural alteration within the procapsid-binding region that may account for the binding deficiency. Chemical probing of procapsid-bound pRNA revealed a large area of protection, while a 3-base bulge, C(18)C(19)A(20), was accessible to chemicals. A pRNA with a deletion of this 3-base bulge was fully competent to form dimers, bind procapsids, and inhibit phi29 virion assembly in vitro; however, its activity in DNA packaging and virion assembly was completely lost. The results suggest that this bulge is not involved in procapsid binding but may interact with other DNA-packaging components. A computer model showing the location of the CCA bulge was presented.