Chromosome separation and segregation in dinoflagellates and bacteria may depend on liquid crystalline states

The patterns characteristic of certain liquid crystals called 'twisted nematics' or 'cholesterics' have been observed in thin sections of both dinoflagellates and bacterial chromosomes. These liquid crystals have also been obtained in vitro in concentrated DNA solutions. A large part of DNA in prokaryotic chromosomes forms such a twisted liquid crystal, whilst the remainder consists of lateral loops and is less concentrated. These semi-ordered phases could help chromosome separation to occur during and after DNA replication. We suggest that, owing to chemical differences, one of the two replicated filaments is immiscible with the rest of DNA in this chromosome. This immiscibility occurs in the context of an ordered liquid, with the DNA closely layered by a regular twist, a situation proposed to strongly minimize entangling after replication and hence to facilitate segregation.