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Updated: Aug 2, 2026

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats
Published on: February 22, 2018
Hopelessness depression as a distinct dimension of depressive symptoms among clinical and non-clinical samples
T E Joiner1, R A Steer, L Y Abramson
1Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee 32306-1270, USA. joiner@psy.fsu.edu
Abstract:
Subtyping depression has been an interest of theorists and clinicians for at least four centuries. In this paper, we examined the validity of the symptom cluster component of the hopelessness theory of depression. We used structural equation modeling analyses on large samples of psychiatric outpatients (N=1604, 844, and 680) and Air Force cadets (N=1404) who completed the items of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Findings were supportive of the hopelessness depression cluster as a distinct depressive syndrome. Implications for the nosology of depression and for depression theory were discussed.
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