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[Genetics of addictive disorders]
F Rothhammer1, P Rothhammer, E Llop
1Programa de Genética Humana, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
Revista Medica De Chile
|May 12, 2001
Summary
Genetics significantly influences alcoholism and substance abuse, with heritability estimates varying by substance. Specific genes, including dopamine and serotonin receptors, are implicated in addiction behaviors.
Area of Science:
- Neurogenetics
- Behavioral Genetics
- Psychiatric Genetics
Context:
- Recent advances in genetics necessitate a review of genetic factors in alcoholism and substance abuse.
- Substance abuse, including alcohol, psychostimulants, opiates, and nicotine, demonstrates significant heritability.
- High comorbidity exists between alcoholism and smoking, with over 80% of alcoholics smoking.
Purpose:
- To explore the genetic underpinnings of alcoholism and substance abuse.
- To identify specific genes and neurochemical markers associated with addiction.
- To review findings from various genetic methodologies, including linkage analysis and association studies.
Summary:
- Heritability estimates for alcohol abuse are around 38%, while psychostimulant and opiate use range from 11-45%, and smoking is approximately 50%.
- Genes such as serotonin 1B receptor (5HT-1B), dopamine receptors (DRD1, DRD2, DRD4), and dopamine transporter (DAT) are implicated.
- Neurochemical markers like monoamine oxidase and adenylate cyclase, and the protective ALDH2*2 allele are also relevant.
- Whole genome studies suggest linkage to chromosomal regions near DRD4, GABA, and alcohol dehydrogenase genes.
Impact:
- Highlights the significant role of genetic predisposition in addiction.
- Identifies key genes and pathways for future research and potential therapeutic targets.
- Provides a foundation for understanding the complex genetic architecture of substance use disorders.