Nonlinear dynamics of heart rate variability in cocaine-exposed neonates during sleep

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) on the dynamics of heart rate variability in full-term neonates during sleep. R-R interval (RRI) time series from 9 infants with PCE and 12 controls during periods of stable quiet sleep and active sleep were analyzed using autoregressive modeling and nonlinear dynamics. There were no differences between the two groups in spectral power distribution, approximate entropy, correlation dimension, and nonlinear predictability. However, application of surrogate data analysis to these measures revealed a significant degree of nonlinear RRI dynamics in all subjects. A parametric model, consisting of a nonlinear delayed-feedback system with stochastic noise as the perturbing input, was employed to estimate the relative contributions of linear and nonlinear deterministic dynamics in the data. Both infant groups showed similar proportional contributions in linear, nonlinear, and stochastic dynamics. However, approximate entropy, correlation dimension, and nonlinear prediction error were all decreased in active versus quiet sleep; in addition, the parametric model revealed a doubling of the linear component and a halving of the nonlinear contribution to overall heart rate variability. Spectral analysis indicated a shift in relative power toward lower frequencies. We conclude that 1) RRI dynamics in infants with PCE and normal controls are similar; and 2) in both groups, sympathetic dominance during active sleep produces primarily periodic low-frequency oscillations in RRI, whereas in quiet sleep vagal modulation leads to RRI fluctuations that are broadband and dynamically more complex.