A review of quantitative studies of benzene metabolism

Benzene is a ubiquitous, highly flammable, colorless liquid that is a known hematotoxin, myelotoxin, and human leukemogen. Benzene-induced toxicity in animals is clearly mediated by its metabolism. The mechanisms of acute hemato- and myelotoxicity in humans are almost certainly the same as in animals, and there is compelling evidence that metabolism is requisite for the induction of leukemia in humans. A very large number of experimental investigations of benzene metabolism have been conducted with animals, both in vivo and in vitro. There have also been many investigations of benzene metabolism in humans and with human tissues, Although the blood or tissue concentrations of benzene metabolites in humans resulting from benzene exposure have never been measured. Further, a number of mathematical models of benzene metabolism and dosimetry have been developed. In this article, we consider results from both experimental and mathematical modeling research, with particular emphasis on the last decade, and discuss the factors that are likely to be most influential in the metabolism of benzene.