[Glutamate receptors and transporters in the brain and peripheral tissues]

Functional diversity of glutamate receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a consequence of their considerable molecular diversity. The family of glutamate receptors including their subunits consists of more than 25 proteins. It is the result of gene expression as well as extensive post-transcriptional modifications. Evidence is increasing that glutamate receptors are localised not only in the CNS, but also in the peripheral tissues. Whereas characteristics and physiological significance of peripheral glutamate receptors are little understood, there are studies indicating their role in hormone secretion, neuromuscular functions, sensory transmission and paracrine signalization. In addition, peripheral glutamate receptors may participate in mediating of excitatory amino acids toxicity. A special attention is paid to glutamate receptors localised in the heart and adrenals, as these receptors may be involved in the maintenance of homeostatic mechanisms under pathological or stress conditions.