Tocopherols are metabolized in HepG2 cells by side chain omega-oxidation and consecutive beta-oxidation

The metabolism of tocopherols by omega- and beta-oxidation of the phytyl side chain has been inferred from the identification of the final products carboxyethyl-hydroxychromans (CEHC) and immediate precursors, alpha- and gamma-carboxymethylbutyl-hydroxychromans (CMBHCs). This hypothesis is here corroborated by the identification of a further alpha-tocopherol metabolite, alpha-carboxymethylhexyl-hydroxychroman (alpha-CMHHC), and evidence for the involvement of a P450-type cytochrome. HepG2 cells, when exposed to 100 microM all-rac-alpha-tocopherol, released alpha-CEHC, alpha-CMBHC, and alpha-CMHHC into the medium. The detection of those metabolites required pretreatment of the cells with alpha-tocopherol for 10 d. In contrast, analogous metabolites of gamma and delta-tocopherol were detectable without any preconditioning, while corresponding metabolites of RRR-alpha-tocopherol could not be detected at all. The formation of alpha-CEHC from all-rac-alpha-tocopherol was enhanced up to 5-fold by pretreatment of the HepG2 cells with rifampicin, known to induce CYP3A-type cytochromes with the capability of catalyzing omega-oxidation. In contrast, clofibrate did not reveal any effect. This observation suggests that a CYP3A-type cytochrome initiates tocopherol metabolism by omega-oxidation. It further reveals that inducible omega-oxidation is the rate-limiting step in tocopherol metabolism. It is discussed that competition of microsomal omega-oxidation with specific binding by the alpha-tocopherol transfer protein (alpha-TTP) determines the metabolic fate of the individual tocopherols.