Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 13, 2026

Impedance Pneumography for Minimally Invasive Measurement of Heart Rate in Late Stage Invertebrates
Published on: April 4, 2020
Correlation of impedance minute ventilation with measured minute ventilation in a rate responsive pacemaker
1Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44121, USA.
Abstract:
Although rate responsive pacing based on impedance minute ventilation (IMV) is now standard, there is almost no data confirming the relationship between IMV from an implanted pacemaker and measured minute ventilation (VE) during exercise. Nineteen completely paced adults implanted with Medtronic Kappa 400 pacemakers underwent symptom-limited maximal metabolic treadmill testing using a modified Minnesota Pacemaker Response Protocol. Minute ventilation (VE, L/min) was simultaneously measured using the flowmeter of a respiratory metabolic gas analysis system and the transthoracic impedance minute ventilation circuitry of the pacemaker. Correlation coefficients (r) were used to find the best fit line to describe the relationship between the two measurements. Mean (+/- SD) r values for the first, second, and third order polynomial equations and for log and exponential equations were: 0.92 +/- 0.08, 0.94 +/- 0.04, 0.95 +/- 0.04, 0.91 +/- 0.06, and 0.91 +/- 0.07, respectively. None of the r values were statistically different from the first order equation. Transthoracic IMV as measured by the Medtronic Kappa 400 is closely correlated to measured minute ventilation and is represented well by a first order (linear) equation.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
Assessment of Ventilation I: Respiratory Rate
A Ventilation assessment is critical for monitoring a patient's health status. Respiration, one of the most accessible vital signs, provides insights into the function of numerous body systems and can indicate serious health issues, such as brainstem injuries from head trauma.
Critical Guidelines for Assessing Ventilation:
Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important.
Respiratory Volumes and Capacities
Mechanical Ventilation I: Indication and Settings

