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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
07:00

Visualization and Analysis of mRNA Molecules Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Published on: June 14, 2013

Visualising gene expression in its metabolic context.

D Wolf1, C P Gray, A de Saizieu

  • 1F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland. Detlef.Wolf@Roche.com

Briefings in Bioinformatics
|July 24, 2001
PubMed
Summary

This study measures bacterial mRNA and protein changes after antibiotic exposure, visualizing results on metabolic pathway maps. These findings offer insights into antibiotic effects on bacterial gene and protein expression.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Antibiotic resistance is a growing global health concern.
  • Understanding bacterial responses to sublethal antibiotic doses is crucial for developing new treatments.
  • Gene and protein expression changes provide insights into bacterial adaptation mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify relative changes in bacterial mRNA and protein levels following sublethal antibiotic exposure.
  • To visualize these expression changes within the context of metabolic pathways.
  • To provide a comprehensive view of bacterial response to antibiotics at both the genetic and proteomic levels.

Main Methods:

  • mRNA levels were measured using Affymetrix microarrays.
  • Protein synthesis was quantified using radio-labelling and 2D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

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Quantification of Information Encoded by Gene Expression Levels During Lifespan Modulation Under Broad-range Dietary Restriction in C. elegans
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  • Metabolic pathway diagrams were constructed or imported from KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes).

    • Main Results:

    • Relative changes in both mRNA and protein levels were determined at specific time points after antibiotic addition.
    • Data visualization on metabolic pathway diagrams used color-coding to represent expression level changes and reproducibility.
    • The study successfully integrated transcriptomic and proteomic data onto a systems-level biological framework.

    Conclusions:

    • Sublethal antibiotic doses induce measurable changes in bacterial mRNA and protein expression.
    • Visualizing these changes on metabolic pathways aids in understanding complex bacterial responses.
    • This approach provides a powerful tool for systems-level analysis of antibiotic effects on bacteria.