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Related Concept Videos

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
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Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

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Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
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Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

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Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
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Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors01:27

Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
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Symbiosis00:58

Symbiosis

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Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often...
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Sleepwalking and Sleep Talking01:17

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Somnambulism, commonly known as sleepwalking, involves individuals engaging in activities ranging from simple walking to more complex behaviors such as driving. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the slow-wave sleep stages 3 and 4 early in the night when the person is not dreaming, contradicting the myth that sleepwalkers are acting out their dreams.
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Author Spotlight: Controlled Human Exposure Model for Tick Research and Lyme Disease Studies
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[Sleeping sickness, a reemerging sickness].

M Dumas1

  • 1l'Institut d'Epidémiologie Neurologique et de Neurologie Tropicale-Faculté de Médecine-2, rue du docteur Marcland-87042 Limoges.

Bulletin De L'Academie Nationale De Medecine
|July 27, 2001
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human African Trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, affects 400,000 annually. New therapies are crucial as current treatments like melarsoprol are toxic, while nitro-imidazole derivatives show promise.

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Area of Science:

  • Parasitology
  • Neuroscience
  • Epidemiology

Context:

  • Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) re-emerged in intertropical Africa, with 400,000 new cases yearly.
  • Reservoir hosts for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense include diverse game and domestic animals, complicating disease control.
  • Mobile medical teams are essential for patient detection and treatment to prevent HAT spread.

Purpose:

  • To highlight the challenges in diagnosing and treating Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT).
  • To discuss the current understanding and unknowns of CNS invasion by trypanosomes.
  • To review existing and potential therapeutic strategies for HAT.

Summary:

  • Genetic tests differentiate trypanosome subspecies, revealing various animal reservoirs for Trypanosoma brucei gambiense.
  • Diagnosis involves trypanosome isolation and serological techniques; geographical data mapping aids in identifying affected regions.
  • While the hemo-lymphatic stage is diagnosable, CNS invasion mechanisms and timing remain unclear, despite understanding roles of nitric oxide and cytokines.
  • Cerebrospinal fluid analysis for specific antibodies indicates the nervous stage, characterized by disrupted sleep-wake cycles.

Impact:

  • Current melarsoprol treatment for HAT is highly toxic, necessitating safer alternatives.
  • Research into nitro-imidazole derivatives like megazol shows promise as effective in vitro and in vivo therapies.
  • Understanding disease progression and developing less toxic treatments are vital for combating HAT.