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Micronutrients in pregnancy.

R E Black1

  • 1Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. rblack@jhsph.edu

The British Journal of Nutrition
|August 18, 2001
PubMed
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Micronutrient deficiencies during pregnancy, including iron, folic acid, zinc, and iodine, pose risks to maternal and fetal health. Further research is needed to understand their full impact and develop effective public health interventions.

Area of Science:

  • Obstetrics and Gynecology
  • Maternal-Fetal Medicine
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Micronutrients (vitamins and minerals) are vital for maternal and fetal health during pregnancy.
  • Deficiencies in key micronutrients like iron, folic acid, zinc, and iodine are linked to various adverse pregnancy and fetal outcomes.
  • The precise impact of several micronutrient deficiencies on specific birth outcomes remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy.
  • To highlight the known and suspected consequences of deficiencies in iron, folic acid, zinc, iodine, and other essential vitamins and minerals.
  • To identify gaps in knowledge regarding prevalence, consequences, and effective interventions.

Main Methods:

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  • Literature review of studies on micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women.
  • Synthesis of evidence on the association between specific nutrient deficiencies and maternal/fetal health outcomes.
  • Identification of areas requiring further research and public health action.

Main Results:

  • Iron deficiency (anemia) may increase maternal mortality risk but its fetal effects are unclear.
  • Folic acid deficiency is linked to hematological issues, pregnancy complications, and congenital malformations.
  • Zinc and iodine deficiencies are associated with pregnancy complications, fetal growth retardation, and developmental issues; other mineral and vitamin deficiencies also pose risks.

Conclusions:

  • Micronutrient deficiencies present significant risks to pregnancy and fetal development.
  • Evidence suggests associations between deficiencies and adverse outcomes, though some links require further clarification.
  • There is a need for more research on deficiency prevalence, consequences, and cost-effective public health interventions for control.