A reevaluation and discussion on the threshold limit for hemolysis in a turbulent shear flow

One major factor of red blood cell damage induced by artificial heart valves is the magnitude of turbulent shear stresses in the flow field. An often-cited threshold for hemolysis is 400 N/m(2) (Sallam and Hwang, Biorheology 21 (1984) 783). This value, however, was measured with a one-component laser Doppler anemometer and was not calculated from the major principal Reynolds shear stress, therefore underestimating the threshold. This study performed flow field measurements under similar conditions, using a two-component laser Doppler anemometer and determining major principal Reynolds shear stress, to reevaluate the hemolytic threshold as 800 N/m(2) with an exposure time of 1 ms. The Kolmogorov length scales, approximately 9 microm, are capable of inflicting direct damage to the red blood cells. These results will serve as a more accurate reference in future heart valve design and testing.