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Pre-, peri-, and postnatal trauma in subjects with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
M Zappitelli1, T Pinto, N Grizenko
1Department of Pediatrics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta.
Objective:
To review research on pre-, peri-, and postnatal stress and their potential relation to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Method:
We selected and critically reviewed 51 research reports from the medical and psychology literature, between January 1, 1976 and May 1, 2001, based on the subjects of pre-, peri-, or postnatal stress and ADHD.
Results:
Children with ADHD show higher percentages of pre-, peri-, or postnatal insult, compared with unaffected children; however, the relative influence of various factors is still controversial.
Conclusions:
The etiology of ADHD encompasses genetic and environmental factors. Pre-, peri-, and postnatal stressors are environmental factors that may play a role in its etiology. Future research should carefully examine interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental factors as etiologies of ADHD.