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Related Concept Videos

Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in different ways based on the...
Bias01:22

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Bias refers to any tendency that prevents a question from being considered unprejudiced. In research, bias occurs when one outcome or answer is selected or encouraged over others in sampling or testing. Bias can occur during any research phase, including study design, data collection, analysis, and publication.
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Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
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Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
Hazard Rate01:11

Hazard Rate

The hazard rate, also known as the hazard function or failure rate, is a statistical measure used to describe the instantaneous rate at which an event occurs, given that the event has not yet happened. From a probabilistic perspective, it represents the likelihood that a subject will experience the event in a very small time interval, conditional on surviving up to the beginning of that interval. In terms of frequency, the hazard rate can be viewed as the ratio of the number of events to the...
Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
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Measuring the Subjective Value of Risky and Ambiguous Options using Experimental Economics and Functional MRI Methods
13:04

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Published on: September 19, 2012

The risk game.

P Slovic1

  • 1Decision Research, 1201 Oak Street, Eugene, OR 97401, USA. pslovic@oregon.uoregon.edu

Journal of Hazardous Materials
|September 5, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Risk assessment in health, safety, and environmental decisions is a social negotiation, not just a technical calculation. Including public input is crucial for effective risk management, especially when experts and the public disagree on risks.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Risk Assessment
  • Social Science

Background:

  • Risk assessment in health, safety, and environmental decisions involves complex value judgments beyond mere probability and consequences.
  • Technical approaches to risk management often falter in situations with public-expert disagreement, such as with radiation and chemical risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conceptualize risk assessment and definition as a socially negotiated game.
  • To explain the limitations of purely technical risk management when societal values conflict.
  • To highlight the importance of inclusive processes in risk management.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of risk assessment as a game.
  • Examination of contextual factors influencing risk perception and management.
  • Analysis of institutional, procedural, and societal influences on risk decisions.

Main Results:

  • Risk definition and assessment are inherently social and require negotiated rules.
  • Contextualist view explains failures in technical risk management where public and expert views diverge.
  • Inclusive participation of interested and affected parties is essential for effective risk management.

Conclusions:

  • Risk management must incorporate social negotiation and value judgments.
  • Procedural and societal factors are as critical as technical data in risk decisions.
  • Allowing diverse stakeholders to define and participate in the risk 'game' leads to more robust outcomes.