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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic

In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the $2,000...
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Social Traps

Social traps are negative situations where people get caught in a direction or relationship that later proves to be unpleasant, with no easy way to back out of or avoid. The concept was orignally introduced by John Platt who applied psychology to Garrett Hardin's "Tragedy of the Commons", where in New England herd owners could let their cattle graze in the common ground. This situation seems like a good idea, but an individual could have an advantage. If they owned more cows, the larger...
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Rolling Resistance01:21

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
11:12

Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects

Published on: September 18, 2012

Anger on and off the road.

B Parkinson1

  • 1Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK. brain.parkinson@psy.ox.ac.uk

British Journal of Psychology (London, England : 1953)
|September 6, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Driving anger is purer, more focused on blame, and less influenced by pre-existing mood compared to anger in other situations. This suggests the road environment uniquely shapes the experience of anger.

Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Transportation Psychology
  • Emotion Research

Background:

  • Anger is a common emotion with significant impacts on behavior.
  • Driving situations may elicit unique forms of anger compared to other contexts.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the characteristics and causes of anger experienced while driving versus in non-driving situations.
  • To investigate the relationship between individual differences and driving anger.
  • To examine the prevalence of anger in driving contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Participants recalled and described two recent anger experiences: one driving, one non-driving.
  • Self-report measures assessed emotional characteristics, causes, and preceding affect.
  • Frequency estimates and individual difference measures (ambivalence, self-consciousness, empathy, driving anger/aggression) were collected.

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Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street

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Driving Simulation in the Clinic: Testing Visual Exploratory Behavior in Daily Life Activities in Patients with Visual Field Defects
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Evaluating the Effect of Roadside Parking on a Dual-Direction Urban Street
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Main Results:

  • Driving anger was characterized by purer appraisals, more other-blame, and communication difficulties as causes.
  • Lower preceding negative affect and less influence from mood/pressure were reported for driving anger.
  • Anger is perceived as more frequent while driving; driving anger/aggression indices predicted driving anger.
  • Individual differences in ambivalence, self-consciousness, and empathy did not correlate with driving anger frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The road environment presents unique situational features that predispose drivers to anger.
  • Anger experienced while driving differs qualitatively from anger experienced in other contexts.
  • Specific driving anger and aggression measures are predictive of the phenomenon, independent of general anger frequency.