The albedo and scattering phase function of interstellar dust and the diffuse background at far-ultraviolet wavelengths

We have determined the scattering parameters of dust in the interstellar medium at far-ultraviolet (FUV) wavelengths (1415-1835 angstroms). Our results are based on spectra of the diffuse background taken with the Berkeley UVX spectrometer. The unique design of this instrument makes possible for the first time accurate determination of the background both at high Galactic latitude, where the signal is intrinsically faint, and at low Galactic latitude, where direct starlight has heretofore compromised measurements of the diffuse emission. Because the data are spectroscopic, the continuum can be distinguished from the atomic and molecular transition features which also contribute to the background. We find the continuum intensity to be well correlated with the Galactic neutral hydrogen column density until saturation at about 1200 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 angstrom-1 is reached where tau FUV approximately 1. Our measurement of the intensity where tau FUV > or = 1 is crucial to the determination of the scattering properties of the grains. We interpret the data with a detailed radiative transfer model and conclude that the FUV albedo of the grains is low (<25%) and that the grains scatter fairly isotropically. We evaluate models of dust composition and grain-size distribution and compare their predictions with these new results. We present evidence that, as the Galactic neutral hydrogen column density approaches zero, the FUV continuum background arises primarily from scattering by dust, which implies that dust may be present in virtually all view directions. A non-dust-scattering continuum component has also been identified, with an intensity (external to the foreground Galactic dust) of about 115 photons cm-2 s-1 angstrom-1. With about half this intensity accounted for by two-photon emission from Galactic ionized gas, we identify roughly 50 photons cm-2 s-1 sr-1 angstrom-1 as a true extragalactic component.