Experimental verification of particle distributions in proton-induced cascades

Predictions of shielding requirements, levels of induced radioactivity and of radiation damage around high-energy accelerators require accurate simulation of the physics of proton-induced cascades from energies above the TeV to energies below the eV region. Experimental studies of cascades using activation detector, dosimeter and counter techniques provide valuable data for validating simulation procedures and for extrapolating the required accelerator design parameters directly. Such studies include the yields of low-energy secondary neutrons in proton-nucleus interactions, the spatial distribution of hadrons, low-energy neutrons and energy deposition close to the core of proton cascades and measurements at large lateral depths in shields. This paper describes some of these measurement and compares them with the predictions made by Monte-Carlo simulations.