Induction of gynogenesis and androgenesis in goldfish Carassius auratus (var. oranda)

Chromosome engineering was used to develop lines that expressed the stable phenotypic characteristics of goldfish, Carassius auratus (var. oranda). To obtain androgenetic individuals, carp eggs were irradiated and fertilized with sperm from goldfish bearing telescopic eyes. The fertilized eggs were divided into four groups and three of them were subjected to heat-shock treatment at 42 degrees C for 2.0 min at 34, 37 and 40 min after fertilization. All groups exhibited low viability of embryos and after hatching the embryos were severely deformed on the head, yolk sac and tail and exhibited 100% mortality, within 2 days after hatching. To obtain gynogenetic individuals, a thin layer of carp milt was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation for 26 min to neutralize its genetic material and used to fertilize a mixture of eggs derived from three different variations of C. auratus individuals with characteristics such as round fat body, triple tail, red and black colour and telescopic eyes. The fertilized eggs were divided into six groups and five of them were subjected to heat-shock treatment at 39.5 degrees C for 2.5 min at 15 (group 2), 20 (group 3), 30 (group 5) and 45 (group 6) min after fertilization. The percentage of fertilized eggs that survived ranged from 20 to 50% and the percentage of larval survival in groups 2-5 was 22-28% with lower levels in groups 1 and 6, ranging from 10-12%. However, 40-60% of the larvae exhibited severe deformities on the head, yolk sac and tail, whereas the rest developed normally. Fish with the typical oranda phenotype were observed in all the groups and about 1% of the fish were characterized by a triple tail but there was no fish with telescopic eyes. The results indicate that gynogenetic individual goldfish can be produced but that the induction of androgenesis requires further improvement of the techniques.