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Projectile Motion: Example

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The theory of projectile motion is very useful for players of several sports to improve their performance. For example, a javelin thrower needs to throw their javelin in such a way that it travels as far as possible. The javelin thrower takes a short run-up to increase the initial speed of the javelin. The range of a projectile is at its maximum at a 45° angle so javelin throwers try to angle their throw as close to 45° as possible.
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Impulse

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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
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Glaucoma: Overview

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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...

Impact

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Related Experiment Video

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In Vivo Protocol of Controlled Subconcussive Head Impacts for the Validation of Field Study Data

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Ocular injuries due to projectile impacts.

W R Scott¹, W C Lloyd, J V Benedict

¹Biodynamic Research Corporation, San Antonio, Texas, USA.

Annual Proceedings. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine

|September 18, 2001

Summary

This study developed an animal model using porcine eyes to assess ocular trauma. Results show injury severity correlates with projectile kinetic energy, not momentum, aiding trauma research.

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology
Biomedical Engineering
Trauma Research

Background:

Ocular trauma evaluation requires reliable experimental models.
Existing models may not accurately replicate blunt force impact dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate an enucleated porcine eye model for ocular trauma assessment.
To determine the relationship between projectile characteristics and injury severity.

Main Methods:

Enucleated porcine eyes were pressurized and mounted in a gelatin medium.
Corneal impact was induced using blunt projectiles of varying mass and velocity.
Ophthalmological evaluation and a numerical injury classification scheme were employed.

Main Results:

Injury severity was significantly associated with projectile kinetic energy (KE), not momentum.
Lens dislocation occurred at approximately 0.75 Nm KE.
Retinal injuries were observed at approximately 1.20 Nm KE.

Conclusions:

The enucleated porcine eye model effectively simulates ocular trauma.
Kinetic energy is the primary determinant of injury severity in this model.
This model provides a quantifiable method for studying blunt ocular trauma.