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Temporal and spatial overlap between monarch larvae and corn pollen.

K S Oberhauser1, M D Prysby, H R Mattila

  • 1University of Minnesota, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. oberh001@tc.umn.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|September 18, 2001
PubMed
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Most monarch butterflies in the Midwest originate from agricultural fields, including cornfields. Agricultural practices, not just genetically modified crops, significantly impact monarch populations due to habitat use and timing of pollen release.

Area of Science:

  • Ecology and Conservation Biology
  • Entomology
  • Agricultural Science

Background:

  • Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) populations have faced declines.
  • Understanding habitat use is crucial for monarch conservation.
  • Potential exposure to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) pollen is a concern.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess monarch larvae's exposure risk to Bt pollen.
  • To quantify milkweed and monarch densities in various agricultural and nonagricultural habitats.
  • To determine the significance of agricultural land for monarch breeding.

Main Methods:

  • Field studies were conducted across four regions of the monarch breeding range.
  • Milkweed and monarch densities were measured in cornfields, field edges, other agricultural areas, and nonagricultural zones.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Temporal overlap between monarch life stages and corn anthesis was analyzed.

    • Main Results:

    • Monarchs utilize milkweed in cornfields throughout the breeding season.
    • Milkweed and monarch densities were comparable or higher in agricultural habitats versus nonagricultural ones.
    • Greater temporal overlap between susceptible monarchs and corn pollen release occurred in the northern breeding range.

    Conclusions:

    • Agricultural habitats, particularly cornfields, are critical for monarch production in the Midwest.
    • The prevalence of agricultural land means most monarchs originate from these areas.
    • Agricultural practices like weed control and insecticide use may significantly impact monarch populations, independent of genetically modified crops.