Developments on the implementation of the Three Rs in research and education

More than 40 years ago, Russell and Burch published their views on the implementation of the 'Three Rs' in animal experimentation. Since then, much has been achieved in this area. Recently, the European Science Foundation (ESF) has made a further step forward. In a position paper on the use of animals, ESF has formulated what it sees as prerequisites for the humane use of animals in research, testing and education. In this paper, we briefly report on these ESF guidelines. Also, an overview is presented on European legislative regulations for the (ethical) review of research protocols and for the education and training of persons involved in animal experiments. The great diversity between countries is illustrated with some examples and the need for harmonization is emphasised. The paper ends by highlighting the special role that editorial boards of journals can play in the further implementation of the Three Rs.