Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 4, 2026

Endoscopic Bilateral Nipple-sparing Mastectomy via a Single Axillary Incision with Immediate Pre-pectoral Implant-based Breast Reconstruction
Published on: May 17, 2024
Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola: report of 3 cases
A Mehanna1, J A Malak, A G Kibbi
1Department of Dermatology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, PO Box 11-0236, Riad El Solh Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon. derm@aub.edu.lb
Background:
To date, approximately 43 cases of hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola have been reported, most of which have been sporadic.
Observation:
We describe 3 patients with this dermatosis who were encountered in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Dermatology at the American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon, within a 1-year period.
Conclusion:
Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and/or areola may be more common than what has been reported in the literature. We propose a revised classification for the condition.

