Murine cysteine dioxygenase gene: structural organization, tissue-specific expression and promoter identification

The murine gene encoding cysteine dioxygenase (CDO; EC 1.13.11.20), a key enzyme of L-cysteine metabolism, was isolated and characterized, and the proximal promoter was identified. A bacterial artificial chromosome mouse library was screened and a single clone containing the entire CDO gene was isolated. The murine CDO gene contains five exons and spans about 15 kb. The open reading frame is encoded within all five exons. All intron/exon splice junctions and all intron sizes are conserved with the rat CDO gene and are very similar to those of the human CDO gene. The primary transcriptional initiation site is located 213 bp upstream of the initiation ATG codon. The nucleotide sequence of the 5'-promoter region is highly conserved between the mouse and rat genes and contains a TATA-box-like sequence and GC boxes. A variety of consensus cis-acting elements were also identified in the 5'-flanking region. These included HNF-3 beta, HFH-1, HFH-2, HFH-3, C/EBP, and C/EBP beta, all of which are consistent with the tissue-specific expression profiles of the gene. Gene reporter studies of the CDO 5'-region indicated the presence of an active promoter within the first 223 bp upstream of the transcriptional initiation site and the possible presence of repressor elements upstream of bp -223. Northern blot analyses indicated that the CDO gene displays tissue-specific expression, with the highest mRNA level present in liver and with detectable levels found in kidney, lung, brain and small intestine. Western blot analyses indicated that CDO protein levels parallel mRNA levels. These results are consistent with the known function of CDO in whole-body cysteine homeostasis.