Dual Radical/Polar Pudovik Reaction: Application Field of New Activation Methods

The Pudovik reaction (addition of organophosphorus compounds containing a labile P-H bond with alkenes and alkynes) can progess via a radical or (and) ionic mechanism. A comparative and systematic study including various reagents and different activation methods (heating, photochemical or ultrasonic irradiation, and dry medium supported reactions) is presented. Photolysis is the most efficient method for the radical processes, but in a few examples, ultrasonic irradiation can be more appropriate since the reaction time is shorter and ultrasound did not induce side-reactions (in particular Z/E isomerization). Dry medium process on basic solid support is the best anionic activation (yield, time, selectivity, purification facilities). Ultrasound, by its mechanical effects, can contribute to increase yield compared to the classical thermal method under these basic conditions. All the activation methods are efficient whatever the unsaturated substrates for the phosphine reactivity, whereas the appropriate activation method is exclusively determined by the nature of the unsaturated system for the thiophosphine (or phosphine oxide) reactivity.