Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Distance Corrections01:15

Distance Corrections

To achieve precise distance measurements, especially in surveying and construction, certain corrections must be applied to account for potential sources of error like the standardization errors, temperature variations, and slope adjustments.Standardization error emerges when measurement equipment undergoes changes, such as wear, repairs, or weather impacts. To address this, surveyors compare the equipment’s readings to a standard. This process identifies any deviation that might lead to...
Differential Leveling01:12

Differential Leveling

Differential leveling is a precise method in surveying used to determine the elevation difference between two points. Its primary goal is to establish accurate vertical measurements to create level surfaces or grade lines critical for designing and constructing infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings.The procedure for differential leveling begins with setting up and leveling the instrument at a point where the benchmark can be seen. The level rod is held on the benchmark (BM), and...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling01:26

Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling

During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
Latitudes and Departures01:27

Latitudes and Departures

Latitudes and departures are essential concepts in surveying, providing a systematic way to analyze the projections of traverse lines. These projections allow surveyors to interpret a line's north-south and east-west components, which are crucial for precisely calculating areas, bearings, and lengths. Latitude is the north-south projection of a line, calculated as the product of the line's length and the cosine of its bearing. Departure, conversely, is the east-west projection obtained by...
The Distance Formula01:20

The Distance Formula

In geometry, measuring the direct distance between two points on a plane is essential in various practical and theoretical applications. Whether in navigation, engineering, or computer graphics, determining the shortest path between two locations involves using the distance formula. This formula is derived from the Pythagorean Theorem, which relates the lengths of the sides of a right triangle. On a coordinate plane, the horizontal and vertical distances between two points serve as the legs of...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Clinical value of high expression level of CD71 in acute myeloid leukemia.

Neoplasma·2016
Same author

High preoperative and postoperative levels of carcinoembryonic antigen and CYFRA 21-1 indicate poor prognosis in patients with pathological Stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer.

Indian journal of cancer·2016
Same author

Elimination of X-Ray Diffraction through Stimulated X-Ray Transmission.

Physical review letters·2016
Same author

Mapping the Interaction Anatomy of BmP02 on Kv1.3 Channel.

Scientific reports·2016
Same author

A proteomics analysis reveals that A2M might be regulated by STAT3 in persistent allergic rhinitis.

Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology·2016
Same author

Comparative Cost-Effectiveness of CT Perfusion for Selecting Stroke Patients for Thrombolysis.

Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research·2016
Same journal

Daily briefing: 'Cyborg' cockroaches breathe underwater with printed suit.

Nature·2026
Same journal

China boosts prestigious grants for young scientists - will it ease competition?

Nature·2026
Same journal

Incoming US science academy chief vows to 'double down' on research.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Author Correction: Synthesis of enantioenriched atropisomers by biocatalytic deracemization.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Electrodeposited self-assembled molecules for perovskite photovoltaics.

Nature·2026
Same journal

Neutrino's nursery found: the 'Shadow Blaster'.

Nature·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy
15:04

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

Distance determined by the angular declination below the horizon.

T L Ooi1, B Wu, Z J He

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, Southern College of Optometry, Memphis, Tennessee 38104, USA. tlooi@sco.edu

Nature
|November 9, 2001
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Our visual system uses the angle of objects below the horizon to judge distance. Viewing through prisms altered this angle, leading to misjudgments in perceived distance, demonstrating how visual cues influence spatial sense.

More Related Videos

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery
05:12

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

Published on: August 12, 2021

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching
06:26

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

Published on: January 12, 2024

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 6, 2026

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy
15:04

Picometer-Precision Atomic Position Tracking through Electron Microscopy

Published on: July 3, 2021

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery
05:12

Robotized Testing of Camera Positions to Determine Ideal Configuration for Stereo 3D Visualization of Open-Heart Surgery

Published on: August 12, 2021

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching
06:26

Direct Linear Transformation for the Measurement of In-Situ Peripheral Nerve Strain During Stretching

Published on: January 12, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Visual Perception
  • Ecological Psychology
  • Human Spatial Cognition

Background:

  • Biological systems leverage environmental regularities for efficiency.
  • Human spatial sense relies on ground surface regularities.
  • The visual field's structure, from feet to horizon, forms a basis for distance estimation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that the visual system uses angular declination below the horizon for distance judgment.
  • To investigate the effects of altered angular declination on perceived distance.
  • To explore the mechanisms underlying distance overestimation after prism adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Visually directed action task employed to assess distance judgment.
  • Binocular viewing through base-up prisms to manipulate angular declination.
  • Prism adaptation paradigm to study after-effects on distance perception.

Main Results:

  • Increased angular declination (viewing through base-up prisms) led to distance underestimation.
  • Following adaptation to base-up prisms, distance overestimation occurred upon prism removal.
  • Distance overestimation was attributed to a lowered perceived eye level, reducing the object's angular declination.

Conclusions:

  • Angular declination below the horizon is a critical cue for visual distance judgment.
  • The visual system's recalibration to altered visual input (prism adaptation) can lead to significant after-effects in spatial perception.
  • Perceived eye level plays a crucial role in modulating the interpretation of angular declination for distance estimation.