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Related Experiment Videos

Associative false recognition occurs without strategic criterion shifts.

D A Gallo1, H L Roediger, K B McDermott

  • 1Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA. dgallo@artsci.wustl.edu

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|November 10, 2001
PubMed
Summary

Warnings before studying word lists significantly reduce false memories in the Deese/Roediger and McDermott (DRM) false memory paradigm. Warnings after study are less effective, especially when participants must monitor studied items.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Studies

Background:

  • The Deese/Roediger and McDermott (DRM) paradigm is a common method for studying false memories.
  • Participants often falsely recall non-presented words semantically associated with studied words.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effectiveness of warnings on false recognition in the DRM paradigm.
  • To differentiate the impact of warnings on encoding versus retrieval processes.

Main Methods:

  • Participants studied word lists associated with non-presented critical words.
  • Four instructional conditions were used: no warning, warning before study, and two types of warnings after study.
  • False recognition of critical words was measured.

Main Results:

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  • A warning before study significantly reduced false recognition.
  • A warning after study reduced false recognition when critical items were never studied.
  • Warnings after study had minimal effect when critical items were sometimes studied, suggesting false memories are not due to criterion shifts.

Conclusions:

  • Warnings are effective in mitigating false memories, particularly when administered before the study phase.
  • The timing of warnings influences their effectiveness, highlighting the roles of encoding and retrieval.
  • False memories in the DRM paradigm are not solely attributable to strategic guessing or liberal response criteria.