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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
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Inhibiting effects of recall.

H L Roediger1

  • 1Yale University, 06510, New Haven, Connecticut.

Memory & Cognition
|November 12, 2013
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Output interference, the negative impact of recalling information on later recall, affects both primary and secondary memory. This phenomenon helps explain why some memories are available but not accessible.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Output interference describes how recalling information can hinder subsequent recall.
  • This effect is observed in both short-term (primary) and long-term (secondary) memory stores.
  • It offers a potential explanation for the gap between memory availability and recall accessibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence for output interference in memory.
  • To explore its role in explaining memory accessibility issues.
  • To discuss its implications for understanding episodic and semantic memory.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on memory recall.
  • Analysis of theoretical frameworks explaining memory retrieval.
  • Examination of phenomena like part-list cueing and tip-of-the-tongue.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports the occurrence of output interference in both primary and secondary memory.
  • Output interference partially accounts for the difference between stored and retrievable information.
  • The concept is relevant to understanding memory retrieval failures.

Conclusions:

  • Output interference is a significant factor in memory recall dynamics.
  • Considering output interference can aid in resolving issues in episodic and semantic memory research.
  • It provides a valuable perspective on memory accessibility and retrieval problems.