A framework for the molecular classification of circulating tumor markers

Area of Science:

• Molecular Biology
• Biochemistry
• Oncology

Background:

• Advanced molecular biological technologies, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mass spectrometry, have broadened the scope of molecular targets.
• Plasma and serum are increasingly utilized as substrates for detecting cancer biomarkers.
• Understanding the molecular 'life history' from DNA to protein is crucial for cancer diagnostics.

Purpose of the Study:

• To present a comprehensive framework for cancer diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis.
• To explore the utility of various molecular targets (DNA, RNA, protein) in biological fluids.
• To highlight opportunities for achieving diagnostic specificity at different molecular levels.

Main Methods:

• Review of current literature on molecular biological technologies and cancer biomarkers.
• Framework development based on the 'life history' of proteins, from DNA to RNA to protein.
• Analysis of endogenous and exogenous sources at each molecular level (DNA, RNA, protein).

Main Results:

• Identified DNA (nuclear, mitochondrial, viral) as a primary molecular target.
• Highlighted RNA (cell-based, cell-free, viral) as a significant biomarker source.
• Emphasized protein and glycoprotein analysis (native protein, glycan portion) for cancer detection.

Conclusions:

• The 'life history' framework provides a structured approach to cancer biomarker discovery.
• Analyzing molecular targets at DNA, RNA, and protein levels offers distinct advantages for cancer diagnosis.
• Leveraging new technologies with plasma/serum analysis promises improved cancer monitoring and prognosis.