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Related Concept Videos

Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions with respect to...
Reinforcement01:23

Reinforcement

Positive and negative reinforcement are key concepts in operant conditioning, a learning process where the consequences of a behavior affect the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.
Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus, increasing the frequency of that behavior. For example:
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2026

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
11:17

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

Published on: August 24, 2012

Help stamp out mandatory continuing education!

G N Libby, M H Weinswig, K W Kirk

    JAMA
    |August 18, 1975
    PubMed
    Summary

    Mandatory continuing education for health professionals is failing. Current programs, often child-focused, do not change practice and hinder learning; future programs must be problem-centered and practitioner-driven.

    Area of Science:

    • Medical Education
    • Adult Learning Theory
    • Healthcare Professional Development

    Background:

    • Current mandatory continuing education (CE) programs for health professionals are widely administered.
    • These programs often employ pedagogical methods suitable for child-youth education.
    • Existing evaluation methods for CE programs are insufficient.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To critically evaluate the effectiveness of current mandatory continuing education programs for health professionals.
    • To identify the shortcomings of existing CE program structures and delivery methods.
    • To propose a more effective model for future health professional CE.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of objective studies on the impact of current CE programs on professional practice.

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    Repeated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Action Observation Training in Children with Spastic Cerebral Palsy
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  • Analysis of the pedagogical approaches used in existing CE programs.
  • Assessment of current program evaluation techniques.

    • Main Results:

    • Objective studies show current CE programs do not influence health professionals' practice methods.
    • Mandatory attendance does not guarantee learning or knowledge application.
    • The pedagogical approach is often misaligned with adult learning principles.

    Conclusions:

    • Current mandatory continuing education programs are ineffective and may impede the desire to learn.
    • Future CE programs must be problem-centered, engaging adult practitioners actively in planning and execution.
    • A shift towards adult-centered, problem-based learning is essential for effective professional development.