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Related Experiment Videos

Filtration artifacts caused by overloading membrane filters.

M A Morrison1, G Benoit

  • 1Yale School of Forestry and Environmental Studies, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, USA.

Environmental Science & Technology
|January 11, 2002
PubMed
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Conventional water filtration methods using 0.45 or 0.40 micrometer membranes can introduce errors by retaining important colloids. This study highlights how membrane clogging affects the accurate measurement of colloidal elements like iron and aluminum in natural waters.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Conventional water analysis often uses 0.45 or 0.40 micrometer (µm) membranes to separate particulate and dissolved phases.
  • This method overlooks the significant role of colloids, many of which are retained or pass through these membranes, leading to potential errors.
  • Membrane clogging during filtration can alter effective pore size, further impacting the accurate quantification of colloidal matter.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of membrane loading on the retention of colloidal iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), and organic matter (OM).
  • To assess filtration artifacts caused by membrane clogging in natural waters.
  • To compare the performance of 0.45 µm Millipore Durapore and 0.40 µm Nuclepore membranes.

Main Methods:

Related Experiment Videos

  • Samples from three Connecticut rivers were filtered using clean techniques in a class 100 clean room.
  • Filtration was performed using a peristaltic pump at an initial flow rate of 120 mL/min through 47 mm diameter inline Teflon filter holders.
  • Back pressure and flow rate were monitored to indicate membrane clogging, and a 1.0 µm Nuclepore membrane was used to estimate retained colloids.

Main Results:

  • A consistent correlation was observed between increasing back pressure and decreasing concentrations of colloidal Fe, Al, Mn, and OM in the filtrate.
  • Membrane clogging led to filtration artifacts, altering the measured concentrations of colloidal elements.
  • The relationship between back pressure, flow rate, and filtration artifacts was consistent across different membrane types and sampling sites, despite variations in loading-retention curves.

Conclusions:

  • Standard filtration practices using 0.45 or 0.40 µm membranes can introduce significant errors in assessing colloidal matter in natural waters due to membrane clogging.
  • Accurate characterization of colloidal fractions requires careful consideration of filtration artifacts and membrane loading effects.
  • The study underscores the need for improved methodologies to accurately sample and analyze colloidal components in aquatic systems.