Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Retina

The Retina

The retina is a layer of nervous tissue at the back of the eye that transduces light into neural signals. This process, called phototransduction, is carried out by rod and cone photoreceptor cells in the back of the retina.

Vision

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...

Anatomy of the Eyeball

Anatomy of the Eyeball

The eye is a spherical, hollow structure composed of three tissue layers. The outer layer — the fibrous tunic, comprises the sclera — a white structure — and the cornea, which is transparent. The sclera encompasses some of the ocular surface, most of which is not visible. However, the 'white of the eye' is distinctively visible in humans compared to other species. The cornea, a clear covering at the front of the eye, enables light penetration. The eye's middle layer, the vascular tunic,...

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category, whereas...

Diabetic Retinopathy

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Research progress on precise lifestyle intervention for obesity based on genetic background].

Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi·2025

Same author

[Chinese translation of European Respiratory Society guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis].

Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases·2025

Same author

[Parent-of-origin effect and its research progress in cardio-metabolic diseases].

Zhonghua yu fang yi xue za zhi [Chinese journal of preventive medicine]·2025

Same author

Systematic review of bilateral epididymal leiomyomas.

Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England·2025

Same author

[Association between short-term ambient air pollution exposure and arterial stiffness and effect modification of obesity].

Zhonghua liu xing bing xue za zhi = Zhonghua liuxingbingxue zazhi·2024

Same author

[Chronic airway diseases: a new frontier in interventional pulmonology].

Zhonghua jie he he hu xi za zhi = Zhonghua jiehe he huxi zazhi = Chinese journal of tuberculosis and respiratory diseases·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

Published on: June 23, 2014

Multimodal Regulation Orchestrates Normal and Complex Disease States in the Retina.

A M Olivares¹, A S Jelcick², J Reinecke²

¹Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America.

Scientific Reports

|April 8, 2017

Summary

This study reveals synergistic regulation of retinal gene networks by nuclear hormone receptors (NHR), miRNAs, and epigenetic factors in normal and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) states. Key genes and miRNAs were identified, offering insights into AMD pathogenesis and therapeutic development.

More Related Videos

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

LipidUNet-Machine Learning-Based Method of Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Deposits Using iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium

LipidUNet-Machine Learning-Based Method of Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Deposits Using iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: July 28, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 18, 2026

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

Assessment of Vascular Regeneration in the CNS Using the Mouse Retina

Published on: June 23, 2014

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

Published on: June 13, 2019

LipidUNet-Machine Learning-Based Method of Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Deposits Using iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium

LipidUNet-Machine Learning-Based Method of Characterization and Quantification of Lipid Deposits Using iPSC-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium

Published on: July 28, 2023

Area of Science:

Genetics
Molecular Biology
Ophthalmology

Background:

Biological processes are regulated by complex, synergistic mechanisms.
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves dysregulation of retinal gene networks.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the synergistic orchestration of gene network regulation in normal and AMD retina.
To identify key molecular players including nuclear hormone receptors (NHR), miRNAs, and epigenetic factors involved in retinal homeostasis and disease.

Main Methods:

Comparative analysis of miRNA and microarray data from mouse models (lacking Nr2e3, RORA, or Ezh2) and human donor eyes (normal and AMD).
Utilized comprehensive filtering and pathway analysis to identify differentially expressed miRNAs and their target genes.
Focused on gene networks related to angiogenesis, metabolism, and immunity.

Main Results:

Discovered synergistic regulation of retinal gene networks by NHRs, miRNAs, and epigenetic factors.
Identified 54 differentially expressed miRNAs targeting over 150 genes in 18 major networks.
Uncovered direct regulation of 68 genes and 5 miRNAs by NR2E3 and/or RORA.
Pinpointed multimodal regulation of miR-466, miR-1187, miR-710, Ell2, and Entpd1, all associated with AMD.

Conclusions:

The study provides novel insights into the complex, dynamic modulation of gene networks in the retina.
Identified specific miRNAs, genes, and regulatory pathways crucial for retinal function and implicated in AMD.
Findings offer a foundation for developing innovative therapeutics for AMD and related retinal diseases.