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Related Concept Videos

Meiosis II01:57

Meiosis II

Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each containing...
Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of homologous...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Meiosis II02:02

Meiosis II

Meiosis II entails cell division and segregation of the sister chromatids, resulting in the production of four unique haploid gametes. The steps for meiosis II are similar to mitosis, except that meiosis II occurs in haploid cells, whereas mitosis occurs in diploid cells.
The timing and cell division patterns of meiosis differ between males and females. In male meiosis, the centrosomes are part of the formation of the meiotic spindle. However, in oocytes, including that of humans, Drosophila,...
Separation of Sister Chromatids02:17

Separation of Sister Chromatids

At the transition from prophase to metaphase, there is a reduction in cohesion along the chromosomal arms, resulting in the resolution of sister chromatids. However, residual cohesin connections remain to hold the sister chromatids together until the transition from metaphase to anaphase. The residual connection prevents any premature separation of sister chromatids, blocking the risks of aneuploidy within the daughter cells.
At the onset of anaphase, separase, a proteolytic enzyme, is...
Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal

Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2026

Analysis of Cell Cycle Position in Mammalian Cells
12:19

Analysis of Cell Cycle Position in Mammalian Cells

Published on: January 21, 2012

Sibling rivalry in the E2F family.

Jeffrey M Trimarchi1, Jacqueline A Lees

  • 1Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
|February 2, 2002
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The E2F transcription factor family regulates cell division. Different E2F subgroups promote either cell proliferation or differentiation, creating opposing cellular signals.

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Last Updated: Jul 8, 2026

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Mapping the Structure-Function Relationships of Disordered Oncogenic Transcription Factors Using Transcriptomic Analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The E2F transcription factor family plays a crucial role in cell cycle control.
  • E2F proteins regulate the expression of genes essential for cell proliferation.
  • Distinct subgroups of E2F proteins exhibit opposing functions in cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the opposing functions of E2F subgroups.
  • To investigate the biological consequences of this dual regulatory system.
  • To understand how E2F family members dictate cell division versus differentiation.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of E2F protein interactions and DNA binding specificities.
  • Gene expression profiling to assess the impact of E2F activity.
  • Functional assays in cell models to determine proliferation and differentiation outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Identification of specific E2F subgroup interactions that drive opposing cellular fates.
  • Demonstration of how differential E2F activity balances cell cycle progression and exit.
  • Correlation of distinct E2F expression patterns with specific biological outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The push-me, pull-you' regulation by E2F subgroups is mediated by specific molecular interactions.
  • This intricate E2F-dependent control is fundamental for maintaining cellular homeostasis and development.
  • Understanding E2F function is critical for comprehending cell cycle dysregulation in diseases like cancer.