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Related Concept Videos

Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
Patch Clamp01:18

Patch Clamp

Many fundamental cell functions such as muscle contraction and nerve transmission rely on the electrical signals produced by the movement of positively and negatively charged ions across the cell membrane. One competent method to record current flowing across the whole cell or single ion channel is the patch-clamp technique.
In this method, a glass micropipette containing electrolyte solution is tightly sealed against a small portion of the cell membrane. As a result, a patch of the cell...
Ligand-gated Ion Channels01:19

Ligand-gated Ion Channels

Ligand-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins with a channel for ions to pass through and a binding site for a ligand. The channel opens only when a ligand attaches to the binding site.
Three Subfamilies of Ligand-gated Ion Channels
Ligand-gated ion channels fall into three subfamilies. The 'Cys-loop' includes the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors. The second one is the 'Pore-loop' channels that include the...
Transport Number01:31

Transport Number

The transport number is the fraction of the total current carried by an ion in an electrolyte solution. It is defined as the ratio of the current carried by a specific ion to the total current flowing through the solution. The transport number, t, is central to understanding ionic mobility, which describes how fast an ion moves under the influence of an electric field. This link connects the physical behavior of ions in solution to the chemical processes that occur during electrochemical...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...

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High-throughput Screening for Small-molecule Modulators of Inward Rectifier Potassium Channels
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Chloride channels and hepatocellular function: prospects for molecular identification.

Xinhua Li1, Steven A Weinman

  • 1Department of Physiology and Biophysics University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555-0641, USA. xinli@utmb.edu

Annual Review of Physiology
|February 5, 2002
PubMed
Summary

Hepatocytes utilize chloride channels for cell volume and organelle pH regulation, potentially influencing apoptosis and growth. This review details known and potential molecular identities of these vital hepatocyte channels.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Physiology

Background:

  • Hepatocytes contain chloride channels in plasma membranes and intracellular organelles.
  • These channels are crucial for cell volume regulation and organelle acidification.
  • Evidence suggests roles in apoptosis and cell growth modulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions of chloride channels in hepatocytes.
  • To discuss the molecular identities of these channels.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on hepatocyte chloride channels.
  • Analysis of identified chloride channel families and molecules expressed in hepatocytes.

Main Results:

  • Chloride channels are found in various hepatocyte compartments, including lysosomes, ER, mitochondria, and nucleus.
  • Identified channel molecules include ClC family (ClC-2, -3, -5, -7), CLIC family (CLIC-1, -4), VDAC, and MCLC.
  • Molecular identity for many observed functions remains unknown.

Conclusions:

  • Hepatocyte chloride channels have diverse functions, including cell volume and organelle homeostasis.
  • Several channel families are expressed, but precise molecular correlates for all functions require further investigation.
  • Understanding molecular properties will advance knowledge of hepatocyte chloride channel function.