Changes of the brain synapses during aging. New aspects

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Gerontology

Background:

• Brain aging results from a complex interplay between age-related functional losses and the brain's compensatory mechanisms.
• Changes in synaptic structure and number, neurotransmission, and neuronal circuit electrical activity are central to the aging process.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the multifaceted aspects of brain aging, focusing on synaptic changes, neuronal function, and calcium homeostasis.
• To explore emerging research areas including nitric oxide, free radicals, apoptosis, cerebral microcirculation, metabolic shifts, neuroprotection (IGF-1, ovarian steroids), and stress in aging.

Main Methods:

• Literature review synthesizing current research on brain aging mechanisms.
• Analysis of synaptic, neuronal, and molecular factors influencing cognitive decline and resilience.

Main Results:

• Neuronal properties are often preserved through adaptive mechanisms, indicating a dynamic aging process.
• Calcium homeostasis is crucial for maintaining neuronal function during aging.
• Multiple interdependent factors, including oxidative stress and microcirculation, regulate brain aging.

Conclusions:

• Understanding the multifactorial nature of brain aging is essential for developing strategies to prevent and mitigate neurodegenerative diseases.
• Interventions targeting factors like nitric oxide, antioxidants, and growth factors may promote healthier brain aging.
• Achieving "successful" aging requires a comprehensive approach to brain health throughout the lifespan.