High-density lipoproteins: effects of alcohol, estrogen, and phytoestrogens

Plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) play an important role in the reverse cholesterol transport pathway. Factors affecting plasma HDL levels may be important, therefore, in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. Among the lifestyle and environmental factors that have been shown to increase HDL cholesterol are moderate alcohol intake and estrogen administration. Phytoestrogens, molecules of plant origin that resemble estrogen and act as weak estrogens, do not have a clear effect on HDL cholesterol. The molecular mechanisms of action of alcohol, estrogen, and phytoestrogens on HDL are under investigation.