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Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a model called the Lewis model that simplified the depiction of chemical bond formation and provided straightforward explanations for the chemical bonds seen in most common compounds.

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

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Lewis Structures and Formal Charges

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Lewis symbols can be used to indicate the formation of covalent bonds, which are shown in Lewis structures—drawings that describe the bonding in molecules and polyatomic ions. The periodic table can be used to predict the number of valence electrons in an atom and the number of bonds that will be formed to reach an octet. Group 18 elements, such as argon and helium, have filled electron configurations and thus rarely participate in chemical bonding. However, atoms from group 17, such as bromine...

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Updated: Jul 14, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Synthesis and Characterization of Functionalized Metal-organic Frameworks

Published on: September 5, 2014

Mesostructured forms of gamma-Al(2)O(3).

Zhaorong Zhang¹, Randall W Hicks, Thomas R Pauly

¹Department of Chemistry and Center for Fundamental Materials Research, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|February 21, 2002

Summary

Researchers developed stable mesoporous gamma-alumina (MSU-gamma) with enhanced surface area and pore volume. These advanced materials improve catalytic efficiency in petroleum refining and emission control.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Catalysis
Nanotechnology

Background:

Gamma-alumina (γ-Al2O3) is a key material in heterogeneous catalysis.
Conventional γ-Al2O3 has limited surface area (<250 m²/g) and pore volume (<0.5 cm³/g).
Previous mesoporous alumina forms were structurally unstable with amorphous walls.

Purpose of the Study:

To synthesize structurally stable mesoporous gamma-alumina (MSU-gamma).
To achieve significantly higher surface area and pore volume compared to conventional forms.
To explore the potential of these materials in catalytic applications.

Main Methods:

Assembly of a mesostructured surfactant/boehmite precursor (MSU-S/B).
Hydrolysis of aluminum species in the presence of nonionic surfactants.
Characterization of the resulting mesoporous gamma-alumina structures.

Main Results:

Successfully prepared structurally stable mesoporous gamma-alumina (MSU-gamma).
Achieved surface areas up to 370 m²/g and pore volumes up to 1.5 cm³/g.
Demonstrated the formation of a stable mesostructured precursor.

Conclusions:

MSU-gamma represents a significant advancement in mesoporous alumina synthesis.
These materials possess properties suitable for enhancing catalytic processes.
Potential applications include petroleum refining, petrochemical processing, and automotive exhaust treatment.