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Assessment of the ergonomically optimal operating surface height for laparoscopic surgery
M A van Veelen1, G Kazemier, J Koopman
1Faculty of Design, Engineering and Production, Subfaculty Industrial Design Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands. m.a.vanveelen@io.tudelft.nl
Summary
Finding the optimal operating surface height for laparoscopic surgery can reduce surgeon discomfort. The ideal height is between 0.7 and 0.8 of elbow height, minimizing joint strain and muscle activity.
Area of Science:
- Surgical ergonomics
- Minimally invasive surgery
Background:
- Laparoscopic surgery requires prolonged, static postures.
- Discomfort in upper extremities is common among surgical teams.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the ergonomically optimal operating surface height for laparoscopic procedures.
- To reduce operator and assistant discomfort in the upper extremities.
Main Methods:
- Evaluated six operating surface heights using pelvi-trainer tests.
- Measured joint excursions (shoulder, elbow, wrist) via video analysis.
- Assessed biceps brachii muscle activity and subjective feedback.
Main Results:
- Optimal height is 0.7–0.8 of elbow height.
- Maintains neutral joint zones for >90% of manipulation time.
- Limits biceps brachii activity to <15% of maximum.
Conclusions:
- Operating surface height significantly impacts surgeon joint excursions.
- Optimal height reduces shoulder, back, and wrist discomfort.
- Recommended table height is lower than current standards.