Glutathione synthetase from Plasmodium falciparum

GSH is the major low-molecular-mass thiol in most organisms. The tripeptide maintains a reduced intracellular environment and protects cellular components from damaging oxidation. GSH is synthesized by the action of two ATP-dependent enzymic steps, in which gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS) catalyses the ligation of glutamate and cysteine and subsequently glutathione synthetase (GS) adds glycine to the dipeptide. Recently it was shown that the synthesis of gamma-glutamylcysteine is crucial for the survival of the erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum by using the specific gamma-GCS inhibitor buthionine sulphoximine. In order to investigate further the synthetic pathway of the tripeptide in the parasite, GS was cloned and expressed recombinantly. The deduced amino acid sequence of P. falciparum GS shares only a moderate degree of identity with other known GSs, but the residues responsible for substrate and co-factor binding are almost all conserved, with the exception of the ones involved in gamma-glutamylcysteine binding. The protein is active as a dimer, with a subunit molecular mass of 77 kDa, and the addition of reducing reagents such as dithiothreitol is essential in maintaining enzymic activity, indicating that thiol groups are important for stability and enzymic activity. The K(app)(m) values for gamma-glutamyl-alpha-aminobutyrate, ATP and glycine were determined to be 107.1 microM, 59.1 microM and 5.04 mM, respectively, and the V(max) of 5.24 +/- 0.7 micromol.min(-1).mg(-1) was in the same range as that of the mammalian enzymes. However, the negative co-operativity observed for gamma-glutamylcysteine binding to the rat enzyme was not found for the parasite protein. This may be due to the alteration of several amino acids in the gamma-glutamylcysteine-binding site.