Related Experiment Video
Updated: Oct 1, 2026

Immunofluorescent Labeling in Nasal Mucosa Tissue Sections of Allergic Rhinitis Rats via Multicolor Immunoassay
Published on: September 22, 2023
The nose-lung interaction in allergic rhinitis and asthma: united airways disease
G Passalacqua1, G Ciprandi, G W Canonica
1Allergy and Respiratory Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Genoa University, Italy. gpass@smartino.ge.it
Abstract:
The link between upper and lower respiratory tracts has been repeatedly observed in the past 50 years but only carefully investigated during the past decade. Several clinical and experimental observations suggested the hypothesis of the unity of upper and lower airways (allergic rhinobronchitis or united airways disease). The relationships between rhinitis (and sinusitis) and asthma also include non-epidemiological aspects such as viral infections and bronchial hyperreactivity. The hypotheses have been confirmed by means of epidemiological observations, functional and immunological evidence and, indirectly, by observing the effects of drugs used mainly for rhinitis on asthma symptoms. In this article, therefore, we collected and reviewed the most relevant experimental results available to support the hypothesis for united airways disease and the studies conducted on the possible mechanisms of nose-lung interaction.
Related Concept Videos
Asthma I: Introduction
Asthma-I: Introduction
Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:
Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features
